![]() ![]() ![]() In the last decade, many reviews targeted the constitutive modeling of individual tissues of the knee. Knecht and coauthors reviewed the studies on the mechanical properties of articular cartilage and provided reference data for the cartilage properties in preosteoarthritis the data provided can be used in studies of cartilage degeneration and diagnosis of osteoarthritis. In a review by Hasler and coauthors, the experimental methods and theoretical models of articular cartilage were discussed, and the material properties for normal, pathologic, and repaired cartilages were summarized. Single-phase and biphasic analytical models of articular cartilage and their FE simulations were discussed in their article along with experimental studies. ![]() Later, Goldsmith and coauthors reviewed stress analysis of articular cartilage under compressive loading in 1996. In 1992, Clift reviewed the application of FEM in cartilage biomechanics and investigation of OA. ![]() In 1983, the first review paper on the application of FEM in orthopedic biomechanics was published by Huiskes and Chao. Since then, FEM has been used in different areas of bioengineering. The earliest application of FEM in biomechanics goes back to 1972, only over a decade after FEM was introduced as a powerful tool in structural analysis. Among the computational approaches, the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been widely used to investigate the biomechanics of the knee joint at the cell, tissue, and joint levels. In order to understand common injuries and development of osteoarthritis (OA), extensive experimental and computational studies have been performed on this joint and its individual tissues. The tibiofemoral joint enables the relative motion of the femur and tibia, which is facilitated through mechanical contacts between the cartilages and menisci. The tibiofemoral joint is one of the most complex articulations of the human body and its main tissues are the femur, tibia, fibula, articular cartilages, menisci, and ligaments. The knee consists of two distinct articulations, the tibiofemoral and the patellofemoral joints. The human knee is the largest joint in the musculoskeletal system, which supports the body weight and facilitates locomotion. Extensive model verifications at the joint level are still crucial for the accuracy of the modeling. Therefore, model validation may be concentrated on the constitutive laws using multiple mechanical tests of the tissues. A complete model validation at the joint level seems impossible presently, because only simple data can be obtained experimentally. While the constitutive modeling has been considerably advanced at the tissue level, many challenges still exist in applying a good material model to three-dimensional joint simulations. Recently, poromechanical models accounting for fluid pressurization in soft tissues have been proposed to study the viscoelastic response of the healthy and impaired knee joints. Single-phase material models have been used to predict the instantaneous load response for the healthy knees and repaired joints, such as total and partial meniscectomies, ACL and PCL reconstructions, and joint replacements. Computational modeling can be a reliable and effective method for the study of mechanical behavior of the knee joint, if the model is constructed correctly. The geometry reconstruction procedures as well as some critical issues in finite element modeling are also discussed. A detailed review of the tibiofemoral joint models is presented thereafter. The constitutive models for soft tissues of the knee are briefly discussed to facilitate understanding the joint modeling. Major review articles published in related areas are summarized first. The objective of this paper is to provide a general review of the computational models used in the analysis of the mechanical function of the knee joint in different loading and pathological conditions. Computational mechanics has been advanced in every area of orthopedic biomechanics. ![]()
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